Abstract
Navigating the landscape of mental health support can be a daunting task, particularly when seeking therapy. This comprehensive guide is designed specifically for individuals in the UK, providing clarity on the diverse range of therapeutic approaches available, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR), psychodynamic therapy, analytical psychology, and general counselling. The whitepaper offers a structured framework to help individuals assess their unique mental health needs, understand the core principles and benefits of each therapeutic modality, and ultimately make an informed decision about the best-fit therapist and approach. It delves into crucial considerations such as matching therapist specialities to specific issues like anxiety, trauma, depression, relationship problems, and personal growth. Furthermore, it provides practical advice on finding qualified practitioners, understanding accreditation bodies, and preparing for the therapeutic journey, empowering UK clients to embark on a path towards improved mental well-being with confidence and clarity.
1. Introduction: Embarking on Your Therapeutic Journey in the UK
Seeking therapy is a courageous and significant step towards prioritising your mental and emotional well-being. Whether you’re struggling with persistent anxiety, coping with trauma, navigating difficult relationships, or simply seeking personal growth and self-understanding, therapy offers a safe, confidential space to explore your inner world and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
However, once you’ve made the decision to seek help, a new challenge often emerges: the sheer variety of therapeutic approaches available. From Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to psychodynamic therapy, EMDR to analytical psychology, and the broad spectrum of counselling, the options can feel overwhelming. Without a clear understanding of what each modality entails and which might be best suited to your specific needs, the process of finding the “right” therapist can become a source of frustration rather than relief.
This comprehensive guide is designed to demystify the therapeutic landscape for clients in the UK. We will explain the core tenets of various popular therapeutic approaches, help you reflect on your own needs and goals, and provide practical advice on how to navigate the search for a qualified and effective therapist. Our aim is to empower you with the knowledge and confidence to make an informed choice, enabling you to embark on a therapeutic journey that genuinely supports your path to well-being.
2. Understanding Your Needs: The First Step to Finding the Right Therapy
Before exploring different therapeutic approaches, it’s crucial to spend some time reflecting on your own unique situation, challenges, and goals. This self-assessment will serve as your compass in navigating the diverse world of therapy.
2.1. What Am I Struggling With?
Consider the primary issues that are leading you to seek support. Be as specific as possible.
- Emotional Difficulties:
- Anxiety: Is it general anxiety, social anxiety, panic attacks, health anxiety, specific phobias (e.g., agoraphobia, fear of flying)?
- Depression: Persistent low mood, lack of energy, loss of interest, feelings of hopelessness, changes in sleep/appetite.
- Stress: Work-related stress, financial stress, burnout.
- Anger: Difficulty managing anger, frequent outbursts.
- Grief/Loss: Bereavement, loss of a relationship, job loss.
- Past Experiences:
- Trauma: Single-incident trauma (e.g., accident, assault), complex trauma (e.g., childhood abuse, ongoing domestic violence).
- Childhood Issues: Unresolved childhood experiences, attachment issues, family of origin dynamics.
- Relationship Problems:
- Difficulties with romantic partners, family members, friends, or colleagues.
- Codependency, communication breakdowns, boundary issues.
- Behavioural Patterns:
- Addictions (substance, gambling, sex, internet).
- Eating disorders or disordered eating.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) or compulsive behaviours.
- Self-harm.
- Life Transitions & Identity:
- Major life changes (e.g., divorce, career change, becoming a parent).
- Identity issues, self-esteem problems, lack of purpose.
- Coping with chronic illness or disability.
- General Well-being & Personal Growth:
- Feeling “stuck” or unfulfilled.
- Desire for greater self-awareness, emotional intelligence, or personal development.
- Improving communication skills.
2.2. What Do I Hope to Achieve Through Therapy?
Your goals will influence the type of therapy that might be most effective.
- Symptom Reduction: Do you primarily want to reduce or eliminate specific symptoms (e.g., panic attacks, depressive episodes, intrusive thoughts)?
- Coping Skills: Do you want to learn practical strategies to manage stress, anxiety, or difficult emotions?
- Understanding Origins: Are you interested in exploring the root causes of your difficulties, often linked to past experiences or unconscious patterns?
- Relationship Improvement: Do you want to improve your relationships with others or change relationship dynamics?
- Personal Growth: Are you seeking deeper self-understanding, a stronger sense of identity, or to live a more authentic life?
- Trauma Resolution: Do you want to process and integrate traumatic memories?
- Behavioural Change: Do you want to break unhelpful habits or develop new, healthier ones?
2.3. What is My Preferred Style of Engagement?
Consider your comfort level with different therapeutic approaches:
- Structured vs. Open-Ended: Do you prefer a highly structured, goal-oriented approach with homework, or a more free-flowing, exploratory conversation?
- Focus on Past vs. Present: Are you more interested in understanding how your past influences your present, or primarily in managing current problems?
- Practical Tools vs. Insight: Do you seek concrete tools and techniques, or deeper psychological insight?
- Short-Term vs. Long-Term Commitment: Are you looking for a brief intervention or a more extended, in-depth process?
2.4. Practical Considerations
- Budget: What can you realistically afford per session? (Therapy costs in the UK can vary significantly).
- Location: Do you prefer in-person sessions (and in which area, e.g., London, Manchester, Bristol) or online therapy (which offers greater flexibility)?
- Availability: What days and times work best for you?
- Gender/Background of Therapist: Do you have a preference for a therapist’s gender, cultural background, or lived experience?
By honestly answering these questions, you’ll gain valuable clarity that will significantly narrow down your search and help you identify therapeutic approaches and therapists that align with your unique needs and preferences.
3. Demystifying Therapeutic Approaches: A UK-Centric Overview
The UK offers a rich tapestry of therapeutic modalities. Understanding their core principles will help you choose wisely.
3.1. Counselling (Person-Centred, Integrative, Humanistic)
Core Principle: Counselling typically focuses on providing a safe, confidential, and empathetic space for clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. The emphasis is on the client’s innate capacity for self-healing and growth.
How it Works: The therapist facilitates self-discovery, offering support and reflection without direct advice. Often client-led, exploring current issues and their impact.
Best Suited For:
- Stress, anxiety, depression (mild to moderate).
- Grief and loss.
- Relationship difficulties (individual counselling).
- Major life transitions (divorce, job loss).
- Improving self-esteem and personal growth.
Key Characteristics: Generally shorter-term to medium-term, less structured than CBT, more focused on current challenges and emotional processing.
Accreditation in UK: British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP).
3.2. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Core Principle: CBT is a highly structured, goal-oriented, and time-limited therapy that focuses on the interconnectedness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. It helps clients identify and challenge unhelpful thinking patterns (cognitive distortions) and develop more adaptive behaviours.
How it Works: The therapist and client work collaboratively to identify specific problems and set concrete goals. It often involves “homework” assignments (e.g., thought records, behavioural experiments).
Best Suited For:
- Anxiety Disorders: Panic disorder, GAD, social anxiety, phobias, OCD.
- Depression: Moderate to severe.
- Insomnia, anger management.
- Some eating disorders.
Key Characteristics: Evidence-based, present-focused, practical tools and techniques. Typically 6-20 sessions, but can be longer for complex issues.
Accreditation in UK: British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP).
3.3. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Core Principle: EMDR is a highly effective psychotherapy technique designed to help people heal from the symptoms and emotional distress that are the result of disturbing life experiences. It uses bilateral stimulation (e.g., eye movements) to help process traumatic memories.
How it Works: The therapist guides the client through a structured protocol, including recalling distressing memories while engaging in bilateral stimulation. This process helps the brain reprocess and integrate traumatic memories, reducing their emotional impact.
Best Suited For:
- Trauma: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), complex trauma.
- Phobias.
- Anxiety and depression linked to past distressing events.
Key Characteristics: Highly specialised, often shorter-term for single-incident trauma, but can be longer for complex trauma.
Accreditation in UK: EMDR Association UK.
3.4. Psychodynamic Therapy
Core Principle: Psychodynamic therapy explores how past experiences, particularly early childhood relationships, influence present-day thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. It focuses on uncovering unconscious patterns and conflicts.
How it Works: The therapist helps the client explore recurring themes, dreams, and relationship patterns. The therapeutic relationship itself often serves as a microcosm for understanding other relationships.
Best Suited For:
- Persistent relationship difficulties.
- Chronic emotional problems (e.g., recurrent depression, anxiety).
- Identity issues, low self-esteem rooted in early experiences.
- Understanding long-standing dysfunctional patterns.
Key Characteristics: Longer-term (months to years), open-ended, focuses on insight and understanding of root causes.
Accreditation in UK: British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC), UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP).
3.5. Analytical Psychology (Jungian Analysis)
Core Principle: Developed by Carl Jung, analytical psychology focuses on the individual’s journey towards wholeness (individuation) by integrating conscious and unconscious aspects of the self, including archetypes and the collective unconscious.
How it Works: Often involves exploring dreams, fantasies, myths, art, and active imagination. It’s an in-depth, long-term process aimed at profound self-discovery and meaning-making.
Best Suited For:
- Deep personal growth and self-exploration.
- Existential questions, search for meaning and purpose.
- Chronic feelings of unfulfillment or stagnation.
- Creative blocks.
Key Characteristics: Very long-term (years), highly introspective, less focused on symptom reduction and more on personal transformation.
Accreditation in UK: British Association of Psychotherapists (BAP), UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP).
3.6. Other Modalities to Consider
- Systemic Family Therapy: Focuses on relationship patterns within families or groups.
- Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT): Often used for intense emotional dysregulation, self-harm, and Borderline Personality Disorder.
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): Focuses on accepting difficult thoughts/feelings and committing to values-driven actions.
- Schema Therapy: Integrative approach for long-standing, deeply ingrained negative patterns.
By understanding these distinctions, you can start to narrow down which approach resonates most with your needs and goals identified in Section 2. Many therapists are “integrative,” meaning they draw on techniques from multiple modalities.
4. Matching Therapist Specialities to Specific Issues
While a therapist’s general approach is important, their specific specialisms can be crucial for effective treatment. Look for therapists with experience and training in the areas most relevant to your struggles.
4.1. Anxiety (Generalised Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Phobias)
Recommended Approaches: CBT is highly effective for anxiety disorders, providing practical tools to manage symptoms. ACT can also be beneficial for accepting anxious thoughts.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Anxiety Disorders, Exposure Therapy, Panic Attacks, Phobias, CBT Practitioner (BABCP accredited).
Keywords to Search: CBT therapist London, anxiety counselling UK, panic attack therapy.
4.2. Trauma (PTSD, Complex Trauma, Abuse)
Recommended Approaches: EMDR is a gold standard for PTSD. Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT) is also effective. For complex trauma, longer-term psychodynamic or integrative trauma-informed therapy may be necessary.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Trauma, PTSD, Complex PTSD, EMDR Accredited Practitioner, TF-CBT, Adult Survivors of Childhood Abuse.
Keywords to Search: EMDR therapist UK, trauma counselling London, PTSD treatment.
4.3. Depression (Mild to Severe)
Recommended Approaches: CBT is very effective for addressing negative thought patterns in depression. Counselling can provide a supportive space for emotional processing. Psychodynamic therapy can explore underlying causes of chronic depression.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Depression, Low Mood, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Existential Depression.
Keywords to Search: Depression therapy UK, CBT for depression, counselling for low mood.
4.4. Relationship Problems (Individual)
Recommended Approaches: Counselling (especially person-centred or integrative) to improve communication and self-awareness in relationships. Psychodynamic therapy to explore attachment styles and past relationship patterns.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Relationship Issues, Attachment, Communication, Family of Origin. (Note: For couple’s therapy, look for specific “Couples Counsellors” or “Systemic Family Therapists”).
Keywords to Search: Relationship counselling UK, attachment theory therapist.
4.5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Recommended Approaches: CBT with Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is the most evidence-based treatment for OCD.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: OCD, ERP Therapy, Anxiety Disorders, CBT Practitioner (BABCP accredited).
Keywords to Search: OCD therapy UK, ERP therapist London.
4.6. Eating Disorders & Disordered Eating
Recommended Approaches: Often requires a multidisciplinary team. CBT-E (Enhanced CBT) is specifically designed for eating disorders. DBT can be helpful for emotional regulation.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Eating Disorders, Anorexia, Bulimia, Binge Eating Disorder, Body Image, CBT-E.
Keywords to Search: Eating disorder therapist UK, CBT for bulimia.
4.7. Personal Growth & Self-Understanding
Recommended Approaches: Counselling (person-centred, humanistic) or Analytical Psychology (Jungian Analysis) for deep self-exploration. Psychodynamic therapy for understanding unconscious patterns.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Personal Development, Self-Esteem, Identity, Meaning and Purpose, Jungian Analyst, Psychodynamic Therapist.
Keywords to Search: Personal growth counselling London, Jungian analysis UK.
4.8. Addiction
Recommended Approaches: CBT, DBT, and Integrative Counselling are often used. Many addiction services also incorporate 12-step principles.
Therapist Specialities to Look For: Addiction, Substance Misuse, Behavioural Addictions.
Keywords to Search: Addiction therapy UK, drug and alcohol counselling.
Remember that many therapists will have experience with a range of issues and may integrate different approaches. Always ask about their specific experience and training with your particular concerns during an initial consultation.
5. Practical Steps to Finding a Qualified Therapist in the UK
Once you have a clearer idea of your needs and preferred approaches, it’s time to begin your search.
5.1. Understanding UK Professional Bodies and Accreditation
In the UK, therapy is not yet a statutorily regulated profession for all modalities, making accreditation by reputable professional bodies crucial. This ensures a therapist has met rigorous standards of training, adheres to an ethical code, and engages in ongoing professional development and supervision.
Key UK Professional Bodies:
- British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP): The largest professional body for counsellors and psychotherapists in the UK. Look for “MBACP (Accred)” or “Registered Member BACP.”
- UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP): A national organisation for the regulation and accreditation of psychotherapists and psychotherapeutic counsellors. Look for “UKCP Registered.”
- British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC): The main accrediting body for psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. Look for “BPC Registered.”
- British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP): The lead organisation for CBT in the UK. Look for “BABCP Accredited.”
- EMDR Association UK: The professional association for EMDR practitioners in the UK. Look for “EMDR Accredited Practitioner.”
- British Psychological Society (BPS): For psychologists (e.g., Clinical Psychologists, Counselling Psychologists). Psychologists are statutorily regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC).
Always check a therapist’s registration with the relevant body. Most professional bodies have online registers where you can verify a therapist’s status.
5.2. Where to Search for Therapists
- Online Directories (Most Common for Private Practice):
- Counselling Directory / Therapy Directory: Comprehensive listings of counsellors and psychotherapists across the UK. You can filter by location (e.g., London, Manchester), specialism, and type of therapy.
- BACP / UKCP / BABCP / EMDR Association UK Websites: These bodies all have searchable registers of their accredited members.
- Psychology Today (UK version): Another popular directory with detailed therapist profiles.
- NHS Services:
- NHS Talking Therapies (formerly IAPT): Offers free, short-term psychological therapies for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. You can self-refer or be referred by your GP. While excellent, there can be waiting lists, and the range of therapies may be more limited (often CBT, counselling).
- GP Referral: Your GP can refer you to local NHS services or provide advice on private options.
- Charities and Organisations:
- Mind, Rethink Mental Illness, Relate (for relationships), Cruse Bereavement Support – often offer low-cost or free counselling services.
- Word of Mouth: Ask trusted friends, family, or your GP for recommendations, but always do your own due diligence on qualifications.
5.3. Vetting Potential Therapists: The Initial Contact
Once you’ve shortlisted a few therapists, here’s how to proceed:
- Review Their Online Profile: Pay close attention to their stated specialisms, therapeutic approach, fees, and location (in-person or online).
- Initial Email/Phone Call: Most therapists offer a free brief initial phone call (10-15 minutes). Use this opportunity to:
- Briefly explain why you’re seeking therapy.
- Ask about their experience with your specific issues.
- Inquire about their therapeutic approach and how they work.
- Ask about their fees, session length, and cancellation policy.
- Confirm their professional body accreditation and supervision arrangements.
- Assess if you feel a basic level of comfort and connection.
- Initial Consultation/Assessment Session: Many therapists will suggest an initial paid session to conduct a more in-depth assessment. This is a crucial step for both you and the therapist to decide if you are a good fit.
- Be Open: Share openly about your challenges and goals.
- Ask Questions: Don’t hesitate to ask about their methods, what you can expect, and how they measure progress.
- Trust Your Gut: The most important factor for therapeutic success is often the quality of the relationship with your therapist (“therapeutic alliance”). Do you feel heard, understood, and safe?
5.4. Preparing for Your First Session
- Reflect on Your Goals: Revisit the questions from Section 2.
- Make Notes: Jot down key issues, questions, or things you want to discuss.
- Be Honest: Therapy is most effective when you are open and truthful.
- Manage Expectations: Therapy is a process, not a quick fix. Be patient with yourself and the process.
Finding the right therapist can take time and effort, but it’s an investment in your mental health that can yield profound and lasting benefits.
6. The Therapeutic Relationship and What to Expect
Once you’ve chosen a therapist, the journey begins. Understanding the dynamics of the therapeutic relationship and what to expect can help manage your experience.
6.1. The Importance of the Therapeutic Relationship
Often cited as the most crucial factor in therapeutic success, regardless of the modality, is the therapeutic alliance or the relationship between you and your therapist.
- Trust and Safety: You need to feel safe, respected, and able to trust your therapist with your most vulnerable thoughts and feelings.
- Empathy and Understanding: You should feel that your therapist genuinely understands your perspective and experiences.
- Collaboration: Therapy is a collaborative process. You are an active participant, not a passive recipient.
- Goodness of Fit: This is about more than just qualifications; it’s about chemistry. It’s okay if the first therapist isn’t the right fit. It’s perfectly acceptable to try a few initial consultations until you find someone with whom you feel comfortable and connected.
6.2. What to Expect in Therapy Sessions
- Confidentiality: Therapy sessions are confidential, with clear limits (e.g., duty to warn in cases of serious harm to self or others, child protection concerns – your therapist will explain these).
- Regularity: Sessions are typically 50 minutes long and held weekly at a consistent time. Consistency is key for building momentum.
- Structure (Varies by Modality):
- CBT/EMDR: Likely more structured, with agendas, specific exercises, and homework.
- Counselling/Psychodynamic/Analytical: More open-ended, allowing you to bring what’s on your mind. The therapist might listen reflectively, ask clarifying questions, or offer interpretations.
- Challenging Moments: Therapy can be uncomfortable and challenging as you confront difficult emotions or patterns. This is a sign of progress, but a good therapist will help you navigate this safely.
- No Quick Fixes: Lasting change takes time and effort. Be patient with the process.
- No Advice Giving: Therapists generally do not give direct advice. Instead, they help you find your own solutions, insights, and coping strategies.
- Feedback is Welcome: A good therapist will invite feedback on how the therapy is going, whether you feel understood, and if the approach is working for you.
6.3. When to Consider Changing Therapists
It’s natural for therapy to feel difficult at times. However, there are valid reasons to consider a change:
- Lack of Connection: You don’t feel a good rapport or sense of trust, even after several sessions.
- Feeling Unheard/Misunderstood: You consistently feel that your therapist doesn’t understand you or your issues.
- No Progress: You’ve been attending for a significant period (e.g., 3-6 months for short-term, or longer for long-term) and don’t feel any progress towards your goals.
- Ethical Concerns: Your therapist behaves unethically or breaches confidentiality (report this to their professional body).
- Comfort with the Modality: You might realise the chosen therapeutic approach isn’t the right fit for you (e.g., you prefer more structure than psychodynamic therapy offers, or less structure than CBT).
- Life Changes: Your needs or goals change significantly, requiring a different specialism.
It’s often best to discuss your concerns with your current therapist first. A professional therapist will understand and respect your decision to seek a different fit.
6.4. Maintaining Progress Beyond Therapy
- Practice Skills: Continue to use the coping strategies and insights gained in therapy.
- Self-Care: Maintain healthy habits (sleep, nutrition, exercise).
- Support Networks: Nurture your relationships with friends, family, or support groups.
- Ongoing Reflection: Continue to reflect on your thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
- Booster Sessions: Some people opt for occasional “booster sessions” after ending regular therapy to address new challenges or reinforce progress.
7. Conclusion: Your Empowered Path to Well-being
Deciding to seek therapy is a powerful affirmation of your commitment to your mental health and personal growth. While the initial landscape of options can seem complex, this guide has aimed to provide a clear, practical roadmap for clients in the UK, empowering you to make informed choices on your therapeutic journey.
We’ve emphasised the crucial first step: a deep and honest self-assessment of your specific struggles, desired outcomes, and preferred therapeutic style. This personal clarity forms the bedrock of your search. We then demystified the diverse array of therapeutic approaches available in the UK, from the structured and goal-oriented techniques of CBT and the trauma-focused power of EMDR, to the insightful, exploratory depths of psychodynamic therapy and analytical psychology, as well as the empathetic support offered by general counselling. Understanding how these modalities differ, and how they match common issues like anxiety, trauma, depression, and relationship problems, is key to narrowing your focus.
Finally, we provided practical steps for finding a qualified therapist in the UK, stressing the vital importance of professional body accreditation (such as BACP, UKCP, BABCP, EMDR Association UK) to ensure safety and ethical practice. The initial contact and consultation are critical opportunities to assess the ‘fit’ – that fundamental therapeutic relationship which is so often the most significant predictor of success.
Remember, finding the “right” therapy is a deeply personal process. It may take time, and it’s perfectly acceptable to explore a few options before settling. Your journey towards improved mental well-being is unique, and by taking an informed, proactive approach, you are already setting yourself up for success. Embrace the process, be patient with yourself, and trust that the investment in your mental health will yield profound and lasting benefits.
8. References
- [1] British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). (Ongoing). Information for Clients. Available from: https://www.bacp.co.uk/about-therapy/what-is-therapy/
- [2] UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). (Ongoing). Finding a Therapist. Available from: https://www.psychotherapy.org.uk/find-a-therapist/
- [3] British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP). (Ongoing). Find a CBT Therapist. Available from: https://www.babcp.com/Default.aspx
- [4] EMDR Association UK. (Ongoing). Find an EMDR Therapist. Available from: https://emdrassociation.org.uk/find-a-therapist/
- [5] NHS. (Ongoing). NHS Talking Therapies (IAPT services). Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-other-treatments/talking-therapies/nhs-talking-therapies/
- [6] Mind. (Ongoing). Types of talking therapy. Available from: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/talking-therapies/types-of-talking-therapy/
- [7] Dryden, W., & Neenan, M. (2018). CBT: The 10-Minute CBT Book: The no-nonsense guide to overcoming anxiety and depression. Teach Yourself.
- [8] Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2003). Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy with Borderline Patients: A Contemporary Psychodynamic Approach. Oxford University Press.
- [9] Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy, Third Edition: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures. Guilford Press.
- [10] Jung, C. G. (1968). Man and His Symbols. Dell Publishing. (For an introduction to Analytical Psychology).